Bajkingoil



Patented July 15 UNITED sit-its PATENT oFFica a raw onidizable oil,and gelation being thus t eld I Burma-on. I M w. Corkery, Grafton, rs, minor to run v -& Company, a corporation Pennsylvania No Dra ing. Apigicaztigit 16, 1938 Serial i ,ZClaima- ((1260 4!!!) 4 This invention relates to the production of oils ofl. blowing oi the oil is continued additionally to of the type adapted-to inclusion in a baked coatef e t oxidation therein. ing a 7 It is i'urther my discovery that this procedure The object of the invention is to produce an oil m y be practiced sequentially. l r kettlllig. t0 or oleo-resinous composition (which latter will be 5 oxidize to a maximum extent the oil which has herein considered as falling generically within p lyillneri ed by the Il rtiittlint tiltlnd thlusttlo ob;7 the class of oils) having the size of a preponderan 9 me I, eime ec e 0 ant proportion oi! its molecules so increased that, w h have been increased eelze net prevwuely by virtue of such structure, the oil has-minimized tamed wmmut i lP the As qualities of penetration. This I effect while re- 10 matter eater i-" the-drying taming the solubility of the on m organic I ties, which have been impaired by polymerization, vents, with consequent capability of the oil when are m large measure restored' u t of diluted or cut back to flow freely to have good this pmcess' the step or ketmng as an spreading qualities and adequeteiy to level on initial procedure, and a procedure in accordance Y A whe app as 8 lug with the principles of my oxidation process, modl- Although the pmeess e ketmng Sim-meme fled to suit the condition oi the oil acted upon in (ms of the sort known a m ofls andeemh the blowing treatment, is an oil notably lacking V i was met pmmmmtion a,- in qualities i penetration. It has rair drying i g mtmm 01 can hanges qualities, and is peculiarly adapted to use in th ecu] size I tn ofls tn t baked coatings. Its a aptability to this purpose I g s e m t is 01' novel sort, in 'th t it not only tends to rei r a 5 t g fi z 61 fl main upon porous surfaces without-penetration," 9 on o e 8 es but also is capable of overlying a coating ofthermt'ed e satumted fatty the o Poly moplastic nature, without penetration by the two sssssmsmtm ee my to M e ec to a temperamre-bebw the at which. 9017' In order to ii lustrate the principles of my in-' merization takes place, tends to increase the aver-. venflon. End to give specific guide for its useful 2:: g g fi i e e gs gt mwfi g g g employment, I shall now exemplify it as follows: not result in the building or molecules r ext 1 Example No.1 I t mm: A mi 1 in n prove the drying and filmforming characteristics 15.1mm temperature within the or n a m be a estates-sums stasis; under temperature conditions of a severity-sufli-. 016mm use polymerization it has a very detm about 100. Its viscosity was thus increased from mental eiiect'on' the colo or the oil and certain 5232; 19:333 e zg fif fzgm other ualities of the oil. sequentially to kettle A on the Gardner & nolteeele to butbody T the oil, and to-blow itin accordance with stand 0 The on, b kettnng. had been deprived f Elves efleet 2 mm b e about 11/18 oi 'its initial capacity roioxidation. fi 'ng fi applications Serial no M 3 flg fii into two E n oneoesepo onswasin uced a li n 9 filed my 9 J 1 h m e' and with perforate coils tor the introduction oi cases in which a oridimble 011,. such as a air. The batch was maintained at a temperature 01 0r e -(117 8 11. is ed to hish N 8 oi,about' 250' It, and by means oi. an adequate tos elg fi g i g a: blower: air was blown" through it at about thefmder conditg ns fiiiding substantia.l 'polymeriper po i i i igfo ft e ztch p i i i nflfifii o zation therein, up to a stage at which gelation about? hours the ty of the batch'ehad in? oi the oil is imminent. At such stage the eel; creased to about 11 Saybolt seconds at 210' R; structure which has been formed in the oil is ,dis-. at the end oi 8.5 hours it had increased to about byrthe addition of an oil-soluble resin, or 1450 Saybolt seconds at 210' E: after about 10 hours to a similarly determined viscosity of about 1840; and after 11 hours to a similarly determined viscosity of about 2300. Blowing was continued for a total period of about 12 hours, at the end of which period the viscosity of the oil had been increased to about 3000 Saybolt seconds at 210 F. r

At this stage,- gelation being imminent, the other portion oi the oil, kettled but unoxidized, was added to disperse the existing gel structure. Blowing was, then continued for a further period of about 4 hours, at which stage the oil was considered to have receivedits maximum oxidation treatment from the procedure.

The treated oil is then in such condition that when diluted in equal parts by weight of mineral spirits, the viscosity of the solution is about 100 Saybolt seconds at 210 F., and has a body A on the Gardner & Holt scale. The iodine value of the treated oil is about '70. The molecular condition of the oil is thus such that it may be considered throughout a substantial range of its constituents to have undergone polymerization, while its constituents which possessed initially capacity for oxidation have been oxidized to an approximate maximum, allowing for the reduction in capacity to be oxidized resulting from the polymerization treatment.

Example No. 2

A batch of 3,000 pounds of soya bean oil was kettled for about 25 hours at a temperature within the range of 500 C. to 600 C. By this kettling the viscosity of the oil was increased from about 100 Saybolt seconds at 210 F. to about 200 Saybolt seconds at 210 F., and from a body A on the Gardner Holt scale to about a body Q on that scale. The initial iodine value of the oil was about 135, and this was decreased by kettling to about 93. The kettled oil was divided into two equal portions, and one 01 these portions was blown, as in Example No. 1, for a total initial period of about 1'7 hours.

At the endoi' that blowing period, physical gelation of the oil being imminent, the second portion of the kettled oil, in unoxidized condition, was added to the batch, and blowing was 250 F., and by means of an adequate blower, air was blown through it at about the standard rate of blowing of 1.65 cubic feet of air per pound of the batch per hour. At the end of about seven hours the viscosity of the batch had increased to about 1100 Saybolt seconds at 210 F.; at the end of about 8.5 hours it had increased to about 1450 Saybolt seconds at 210 F.; after about 10 hours to a similarly determined viscosity of about 1840; and after 11 hours to a similarly determined viscosity of about 2300. Blowing-was continued for atom] initial periodof about 12 hours. at the end of which period the viscosity of the oil had been increased to about 3000 Saybolt seconds at 210-F.

At this stage gelation being imminent, there was added 1000 pounds of ester gum, having a melting point 01' about 190 F., the addition of the ester gum serving to disperse the gel structure formed by the initial blowing treatment.

Blowing was then continued for a further period 01' about four hours, at which stage the oil was considered to have received its maximum treatment from the procedure.

The resultant oleo-resinous product had a melting point of about 96 F. and was'soluble inboth the aromatic hydro-carbon solvents and the aliphatichydro-carbonsolvents. It flowed readily and levelled off well when diluted in equal weight with either of those solvents and dried in about 15 hours in air. It has proved to be continued for an additional period of about five I hours. When gelation again became im inent,

at a viscosity of about 1500 Saybolt seconds at 210 F. the treatment was considered to have been finished.

The product was closely analogous to that obtained in .Example No. 12. When mixed in equal parts by weight with mineral spirits, the viscosity of the solution was about 100 Saybolt seconds at 210 F., or about body A on the Gardner & Holt scale. The iodine value oil was about '10.

Example No. 3 A batch oi 1000 pounds of fish oil was heated fro: about 1.5 hours to a temperature within the range of 500 F. to 600 F. This resulted in a re- 01' the treated duction of its iodine value from about 180 to an excellent oil for use in, or as, a baked coating.

Example N0. 4

A batch of 3000 pounds of soya bean oil was kettled for about 25 hours at a temperature within the range of 500 F. to 600 F. By this kettling the viscosity oi! the oil was increased from about 100 Saybolt seconds at 210 F. to about 200. Saybolt seconds at 210 F., and from about a body A on the Gardner 8; Holt scale to about a body Q on that scale. The initial iodine value of the oil was about 135 and this was de creased by kettling to about 93.

The kettled oil was introduced into a blowing vessel and was blown as in Example No. 3 for a total initial period of about 17 hours. At the end of that initial blowing period physical gelation 01 the oil being imminent, there was added anequal weight of ester gum to disperse the gel structure formed during the initial blowing,

It has proved to be an excellent oil for use in I or as a baked coating. 4

The foregoing is exemplary of my method in application of its principles to the treatment of semi-drying oils. As exemplary oi. mymethod in batchwas maintained at a temperature of about practice 01 its principles upon one of the standard drying oils (linseed oil and perilla oil) I give the following examples: 9

Example No. 5

A batch 01 1400 pounds of perilla oil was raised to a temperature of about 550 F., and was held at that temperature for about 1.75 hours. The viscosity of the oil was increased by this kettling from'about 100 Saybolt seconds at 210 1". to

about 500 Saybolt seconds at 210 I The oil thus treated was introduced into a blowing vessel, and was blown under the same conditions described in the preceding examples,

save that the temperature of the batch was maintained at about 220 F- After blowing for about 9 hours, a viscosity about 3000 Saybolt seconds .had been attained, and the batch had reached a point at which gelation was imminent. Atthat stage of the blowing, 600 pounds of rosin was added, and blowing was continued for a further and additional period of about three hours, at which stage the product (when cooled) was a semi-solid, having a viscosity of about 2-700 Saybolt seconds at 210 F. v

The product was "soluble in both the aromatic hydro-carbon solvents and the aliphatic hydro carbon solvents. When out with an equal weight of solvent, the solution has a body of A to B on the Gardner 8: Holt scale. The oil drys in air. in about 5 hours. It is oi! particular excellence as, or-in, a baked coating.

Example N0. 6

A-batch of 2000 pounds of perilla oil was raised to a temperature of about 550 F., and was held at that temperature for about 1.75' hours. The viscosity of the oil was increased by the kettling from about 100 Saybolt seconds at 210 F. to

about 500 Saybolt seconds at 210 F.

The oil was divided into two equal portions and one of these portions was introduced as a batch forblowing'into a blowing vessel, and was blown under the same conditions and to the same stage as described in Example No. 5. When the viscosity had been raised to about 3000 Saybolt seconds at 210 F., and gelation was imminent,

the other portion of the kettled oil was added to the batch and blowing was continued for an additional period of about three hours, until the oil had attained a viscosity of about 2000 Saybolt seconds at 210 F. The product was substantially identical in it's qualities with the prodnot obtained in Example No. 5;

Where melting points are given in the examples, it is to be understood that those'melting points are taken by the ballvand ring method.

All viscosities which are given were taken on' the Saybolt Furol viscosimeter. Where drying time is given, it is to be understood that this drying time is based upon tests made inaccordance with an accepted procedure for the estimation of rates of drying. This test consists in bringing the blown 011 back to the viscosity of a corresponding raw oil by the addition of a suitable solvent; adding'selected oil-soluble lead, cobalt or manganese 'driers in the quantity commonly thus employed, and spreading the material in a thin film so that after drying the film is between 0.002 and 0.004 of an inch, which drying is eifected at 7'7" F. and about 50 relative humidity. Although the oil is polymerized before blowing, the blowing operation is in each instance conducted at such temperature that in it no substantial further-polymerization is caused.

It should be explained that, if desired, a mixed oil, such, for example, as a mixture of soya bean oil and perilla oil, or a mixture of soya bean oil and fish oil, may be subjected to treatment.

Instead of ester gum any of the oil-soluble thermoplastic resins or synthetic or natural oils may be used to replace the ester gum in 'thoseexam- 45 dispersion effected by ples in which 'a resin is added at the end of the initial blowing period to effect dispersion of the gelled structure in the batch. ins; petroleum resins, androsin are typical of the oil-soluble thermoplastic resins which may be used for the purpose.

to vary the relative proportions of the oil-contained in the initial batch and theresin inversely 10 to the oil-solubility of the resin used. Mixtures of two or more resins maysuccessfully be used.

. I have found that gel dispersion may be effected by adding resin within therange of and 70%, the weight of the-final batch resulting 15 from its addition, or drying oil in therange of 35 %to. 60% the weight of the final batch resulting from its addition.- The examples prescribe the addition of polymerized but unoxidized oil for gel-dispersion; but unpolymerized and unoxidized 2 oil may be added for that purpose, at a proportional sacrifice in the non-penetrating character of the oil.

The product of my method in any of its variants exemplified or suggested above has qualities rendering it peculiarly adapted for baked co atings. When applied'to highly porous substances,.

the great increase in the molecule size of a large proportion of its constituents resultant from the sequential steps of polymerization and oxidation wholly prevents penetration of the ,oil into the,

porous body upon which it is laid.- On the other hand it has good solubility in the solvents commonlyv employed, giving it good spreading qualities, and permit ing it to level off well when 5 applied, A baked fllmof the oii i both hard and elastic, and has good adhesion. 1

Probably the most remarkable quality of the oil obtained by practising my method is that although it has been initially deprived of a great 40 proportion of. its drying capacity by polymerization, the final blown product has drying qualities closely comparable to those of the initial raw oil. This is attributable to the-two-stage blowing process to which the oil is subjectedwith gel the addition of unoxidized'oil, or oil-soluble resin, at an intermediate stage as close as possible to the point at which, continued blowing would result in bodily gelation of the batch. The following theory is advanced to explain the remarkable result of restoring drying qualities of a'kettled oil without depriving the oil of the effects of polymerization obtainedby kettling. Initially the mechanics involved may be illustrated by comparing the composition of a raw soya bean oil, a raw linseed oil and a soya bean oil subjected to my novel twostage blowing operation.

.Raw linseed oil contains the glycerldes of oleic acids, linoleic acids, and linolenic acids in such proportion that the glyceridesof the unsaturated fatty acids represent approximately 72% of the oil, while inactive fatty acid glycerides.

(preponderan'tly oleln) are approximately 28% Y .of it. While. it is not technically correct to say '65 that olein is a saturated glyceride, it is a normally unreactive glyceride, with only one double bond and no conjugated double bonds, in its molecular structure.-v Although these glycerides include relatively small proportions of stearin',

pahnitin, and palmitolein, olein so preponderates that the sum of these glycerides will hereinafter be referred to generically as "olein." When spread in a mm, the oil dries by absorbing. oxygen from the air and gels are formed of the 'glycerides v 75 of the linoleic and linolenic acids, while the film Coumarone res- In effecting gel disper-' sion by means of various resins, it is desirable Y these large moles are then A ous degreesof oxidized condition persive effect of the olein by assascs n. Linseed oil is so balanced in its gels formed by the oxidation of the unsaturated glycerides is so great that a very soft film is produced. When either linseed oil or soya bean oil is kettled, polymerization decreases the ability of its content of unsatu'raztes to absorb oxygen, so that the drying time is lengthened. Polymerization in the oil has very little effect on the type of film produced, save that the increase in viscosity increases the flow (i. e. the levelling qualities) of the oil. when either linseed or soya bean oil is blown. the unsaturates are given,

an initial oxygen addition, the linkage beingv relatively week, so that-the blown oils, when spread in a dim, dry slightly faster than corresponding raw oil, but the inherent film characteristics of the oil are not greatly affected.

In the new treatments outlined above, the

' dispersing eil'ect of. the non-volatile, solvent olein is partially inhibited in the following manner: J

When soya bean oil is Dreoxidized to a high stage of preoxidation, there is consequent -increase in the size of the oxidized moles to a point at which gelation normally would take place if; oxidation were continued. By adding raw oil, dispersed in normal moles, and blowing is continued; In this step of the process, blowing is continued to a stage in which theportion of the oil initially blown is converted to approximately its maximum gel' structure, while the gels areheld in dispersion by the partially oxidized other constituents of the oil. The treated oil then contains moles of oxidized linolcic and linolenic 'glycerides which have absorbed their full content of oxygen, and also contains moles on which only partial oxidation has been eil'ected, the unsaturates in varibeing in decreased measure dispersed in the olein present. The large size of some of the moles requires a larger than normal amount of olein moles tov coat them, and to render a film tinuous.

Thus, it can be seen that bythe treatment of my method I have in effect destroyed the property of the semi-drying soya ".bean oil (taken as I exemplary) to dry to a tacky film.- This is be cause the .plasticizing action of the olein is expended in spreading over-and coating moles of unusually great size, thereby decreasing the dis rendering more exacting the performance of its primary functioni in imparting continuity to a film of the oil. The

olein tnus does not in normal measure inhibit constituents of the oil in large measure of their capacity for oxidation and consequently of their dryin qualities, the residual capacity for oxidation in those constituents of the oil has been utilized to produce the phenomena above described.

This results ln restoring wholly or in large measure the capacity of theoil to air-dry ina film. The 011, though having in increased measure the non-penetrating qualities of a kettled oil, may nevertheless be used ,to form an airdried film in a manner in which an oil kettlcd by standard practice may not. Further, the

quality of the oil as a non-penetrating baked coating is enhanced. A very important use of my product is in the manufacture of oilcloth. in 'which a layer of the coating is laid over a layer of asphalt. pitch, or wax.- there is no inter-penetration of these two layers of different substance, but on the contrary the oil dries to a hard coherent film, adherent to, but unpenetrated 'by, the asphalt, pitch, wax, or other like material. This quality of resisting penetration by base materials which are rendered soft at baking temperatures is in itself a novel and valuable characteristic, and, when coupled with the good film-forming qualities of my oil, gives an oil almost perfect for such pur- 'poses.

China-wood oil, because of the intermolecular and intramolecular effects peculiar to it, cannot oil, sar'dine oil, pilchard oil, soya bean oil, sunflower seed oil, rape seed oil, saiilower oil, walnut or the oil conof that oil.

oil, etc), and various blends of these oils, it is to be understood as excluding China-wood oil, and blends containing a substantial A divisional application based on the disclosure hereof, for an improvement in Baking oils, bears Serial No. 385,547, and the filing date of March 27,1941.

I claim as my invention:

1. The herein described method of treating oxidizable drying oils to produce a baking oil of particularly high non-penetrating qualities which comprises emecting'polymerization in an oil having drying qualities and having a capacity for polymerization less oil by heating the said drying oil at a polymerizing temperature within the approximate range of 500 F. to 600 F. to a stage in which the oxidizable constituents of the oil are in large measure deprived of drying qualities but retain further oxidation of the partially oxidized moles selation of the oil residual capacity for oxidation, and restoring to the said oil drying qualities lost by polymerization by blowing air therethrough at an oxidizing temperature to a stage of preoxidation at which becomes imminent, at such stage efl'ccting gel dispersion in the batch by in-- troducing a similar oil similarly polymerized but in unoxidized condition as an oil-soluble film- 'forming gel dispersant, and after such gel dispersion continuing to blow air through the batch for a substantial blowing period to a stage at which gelation of the oil is again approached.

2. The herein described method of treating oxidizable-drying' oils to produce a baking 0" of In baking,

proportion than that of China-wood oil by heating the said drying oil at a polymerizing temperature within the approximate range of 500 F. to 600 F. to a stage in which the oxidizable constituents of the oil are in large measure deprived of drying qualities but retain residual-capacity for oxidation; and restoring to the said oil drying qualities .lost by polymerization by blowing air therethrough at an oxidizing temperature to a stage of preoxida'tion at which gelation of the oil becomes imminent,' at such 5 introducing a similar oil similarly polymerized but in unoxidized condition as an oil-soluble film-forming gel dispersant in a quantity equal to about 35% .to 60% the weight of the total batch resulting from its addition, and after such gel dispersion continuing to blow air through the batch for a substantial blowing period to a stage at which gelation of the oil is again approached.

' f FRANK W. CORKERY.

. g r s stage eilecting gel dispersion in the batch by 

